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Home  ›  How Long Does It Take To Repair Damaged Dopamine Receptors

How Long Does It Take To Repair Damaged Dopamine Receptors

Written By Saturday, April 23, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Medically reviewed past Jessica Pyhtila, PharmD, BCGP, BCPS and Ari Magill, Doctor.

Nutritionally reviewed past Diana Lee, RD.

When people reference "boosting dopamine," what they should usually mean is actually repairing or upregulating the receptors involved in the dopamine reward pathway or "pleasure pathway." Here we examine various practices and supplements to repair dopamine receptors naturally.

Disclosure: Some of the links on this page are referral links. At no additional cost to you lot, if you choose to brand a buy after clicking through those links, I will receive a modest committee. This allows me to continue producing high-quality, ad-costless content on this site and pays for the occasional cup of coffee. I have showtime-hand experience with every production or service I recommend, and I recommend them because I genuinely believe they are useful, not considering of the commission I get if y'all determine to purchase through my links. Read more than here.

In a bustle? Here's the list:

one. Uridine
two. Forskolin
3. Sulbutiamine
4. Inositol
5. CDP-Choline
vi. ALCAR
seven. Cordyceps
8. Meditation
9. Exercise
x. Sunlight

Introduction – The Neuroscience of Addiction and Dopamine

Dopamine is referred to as the "molecule of habit." Dopamine's evolutionary purpose is to motivate you to practice things that increase your chance of survival and passing on your genes; it drives you to pursue potential rewards. Research has shown that highly-motivated people have college dopamine levels, and that low levels of dopamine are associated with a lack of motivation, ADHD, and anhedonia ​1–4​ . This topic is plainly closely related to motivation; I recently wrote a postal service on the best nootropics for motivation.

As an admittedly overly-simplistic, reductionistic explanation of an extremely complex procedure, dopamine-spiking activities – gambling, porn, junk food, etc. – actually pb to the desensitization and downregulation (decrease in sensitivity and number) of dopamine receptors, especially those that continue dopamine levels elevated persistently, such as cocaine use. Continuing on that extreme instance, this is why in the case of regular drug employ (even caffeine), increasingly higher dosages are needed to attain the same effect. Receptors become sensitized to that stimulus and you build up a tolerance. Furthermore, we know that low dopamine levels are associated with these addictive behaviors, essentially chasing the dopamine "high." ​three,5​ If you're reading this post, you're probably someone who has mayhap previously engaged in those types of behaviors that have beaten down your dopamine receptors over time.

Some people are also simply built-in with fewer dopamine D2 receptors. In 1990, Blum et al noted a genetic connexion between a specific allele of the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) and the susceptibility to develop alcoholism ​6​ . Edifice on that research, they constitute that people with this specific gene polymorphism were more likely to have dysfunction of the mesolimbic advantage arrangement, yielding a hypodopaminergic land that makes them predisposed to habit, compulsivity, and impulsivity of behavior. This condition became known as "Reward Deficiency Syndrome" or RDS ​vii​ . Later enquiry discovered that carriers of this gene take on boilerplate 30-40% fewer dopamine D2 receptors, and that these carriers brand up approximately 1/3 of the US population ​viii​ .

nature trail

The habit model appears to be the same for the aforementioned activities as it is for drug use. That is, behavioral addictions share many of the same mechanisms and alterations in brain chemistry as chemical addictions ​9​ . Rats prefer sugar to cocaine ​10​ . Overeating to obesity leads to the aforementioned changes in the brain as drug addiction. When rats are given unlimited admission to food, they indulge to obesity ​11​ . The dopaminergic system is more powerful than the opioid arrangement; the want and desire for pleasure tin be more powerful than the pleasure received. This is a subtle merely important distinction. Continually engaging in these addictive behaviors besides hardens their "cues" and cravings, and partially scrambles the prefrontal cortex, leading to dumb impulse command. This makes it "easier" to render to that junk nutrient, video game, etc. over and over again in the hereafter ​3,five,12,thirteen​ .

I would fence that mod gild lends itself to more of these dopamine spiking activities, with some of them beingness specifically designed to be addictive – junk food, social media, video games, binging Television receiver shows, high-speed internet usage, etc., so much and then that we meet supernormal responses to some of these things past the dopaminergic and opioid systems ​ii,three,11,12​ . A massive amount of research in recent years suggests that these things are directly contributing to the pregnant increases in diagnoses of anxiety, depression, ADD, and ADHD across all age groups ​14–21​ . The evolution of our monkey brains simply can't go on upwards with the advocacy of engineering science.

Thankfully, the growth in the understanding of these neuroscientific concepts has led to people consciously choosing to avoid doing these activities so often and seeking ways to mitigate the aforementioned effects in order to repair or "fix" their dopamine receptors that have been abused over time. We've seen the emergence of groups like "NoFap," in which millions of "fapstronauts" across the globe are swearing off the dopamine-spiking activities of porn, masturbation, and/or orgasm (PMO) for a flow of time. There are specific support groups on Reddit defended to helping people quit their addictions to video games, gambling, smoking, and more. People are returning to nature and partaking in "dopamine fasts" where they abjure from the employ of technology similar cell phones and idiot box, and even food, for 24 hours at a time, in an attempt to reset dopamine levels. Others are deleting their profiles on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, etc., and quitting social media birthday, citing its harmful effects on mental health and society ​xiv–21​ .

In this post we'll examine methods, practices, and supplements to repair dopamine receptors naturally and help ready the mesolimbic pleasure pathway, or at the very to the lowest degree help advance that procedure. Note, however, that there'south no magic bullet; the almost important part of the healing process is still simply avoiding the addictive behavior or dopamine-spiking action.

Whenever possible, I'm aiming for Double Wood, Jarrow, Nutricost, and NOW Foods as vendors of choice for the supplements beneath. They all have a proven track tape of providing the highest-quality research-backed ingredients with analytical testing. For a while at present, these brands have been the antitoxin to the issues that have plagued the supplement industry and given it a bad reputation – label inaccuracy, questionable purity and rubber, and lack of efficacy. In short, make sure y'all're buying from a trusted seller and make sure you know what y'all're getting.

Supplements to Repair Dopamine Receptors

Allow's explore supplements with clinical prove of helping to repair and upregulate dopamine receptors.

Uridine

Uridine is found naturally in the body and, oddly enough, in beer. Uridine has evidence of modulating dopamine levels via upregulation of striatal D-ii receptors, which are known to affect mental health. It has been shown to promote a greater sense of well-existence. Anecdotal prove exists of uridine supplementation helping overcome addictions like smoking. It is often supplemented as part of the famous "Mr. Happy Stack" – uridine, DHA/EPA (fish oil), and choline – for synaptogenesis ​22–25​ .

Uridine is typically supplemented equally uridine monophosphate.

Forskolin

Forskolin is the primary bioactive ingredient in the herb Coleus forskohlii. Information technology's pop for its potential fatty burning effect, for which more research is needed. Research suggests that forskolin may be able to potently upregulate dopamine receptors via increasing campsite levels ​26–29​ . Y'all can discover forskolin from Nutricost on Amazon here.

Sulbutiamine

Sulbutiamine is made up of two thiamine (vitamin B1) molecules and a sulfur group. Sulbutiamine is basically a more bioavailable grade of thiamine; it also crosses the claret brain barrier easier than thiamine. Research suggests that sulbutiamine modulates the dopaminergic, cholinergic, and gluatmatergic transmission systems and upregulates both D1 and D2 dopamine receptors ​30–32​ ​.

Anecdotal bear witness abounds for sulbutiamine beingness anti-fatigue and augmenting attention, cognition, energy, and learning.

Inositol

Inositol is a natural B-vitamin (B8) involved in advice betwixt neurotransmitters. Inositol has evidence of upregulating both serotonin and dopamine receptors ​33,34​ . Notice inositol on Amazon here. Notation that you may want to get a powdered form and mix information technology in a drink due to the loftier dosages used. Prophylactic usage for antidepressant effects has seen doses from 6g all the manner upwards to 18g daily. Inositol is frequently paired with choline, which is covered below. Women with PCOS specifically should choose an inositol supplement that contains myo-inositol ​35​ .

CDP-Choline (Citicoline)

Choline is constitute naturally in the torso. It is the precursor to acetylcholine, and is necessary for proper brain function. It is often supplemented to prevent retentivity impairment associated with crumbling.

Mice treated with CDP-choline at 100mg/kg daily over 7 months displayed an 11% increase in D2 dopamine receptor density. Those treated with 500mg/kg daily saw an eighteen% increase in D2 receptors ​36​ .

You lot tin can observe CDP-Choline (likewise chosen citicoline) from Jarrow here. Notation that for some people similar myself, choline supplementation may crusade tension headaches. Egg yolks are loftier in choline if you lot'd rather become that route.

ALCAR (Acetyl-Fifty-Carnitine)

ALCAR (Acetyl-50-Carnitine) is only a more neuro-active, acetylated version of the amino acrid Carnitine. While ordinarily used as a pre-workout supplement, ALCAR has plenty of evidence showing its neuroprotective, neuromodulatory, and neuroregenerative effects, besides equally its ameliorative furnishings on retentivity and learning in cases of cerebral impairment, brain injury, or cognitive decline due to aging ​37–49​ . While most of the things on this list primarily act on the D2 dopamine receptor, ALCAR actually upregulates D1 receptors and does not bear on D2 ​50​ . Information technology also seems to exert antidepressant effects via modulation of glutamate receptors ​51,52​ .

Cordyceps

Similarly, the Cordyceps mushroom has evidence showing information technology exerts antidepressant, anti-fatigue effects via upregulation of D2 dopamine receptors and enhancing the expression of the rate-limiting enzyme tyrosine-hydroxylase that converts Fifty-tyrosine to L-DOPA (which is then converted to dopamine) ​53–56​ .

If yous desire to apply a multi-mushroom alloy, get Thrive half-dozen from Freshcap Mushrooms. I reviewed it here. If you merely want Cordyceps, you lot can get capsules from Double Wood here.

Meditation

At this betoken this mail might start sounding "woo woo" since nosotros're talking almost elementary things you can do every twenty-four hour period, just don't worry, we're even so seeing what the scientific inquiry has to say. Meditation is 1 example where Western medicine is starting to clinically verify the claims of long-continuing beliefs or practices of Eastern medicine.

While no studies currently show specific influence of meditation on dopamine receptors, a handful of studies practise prove a reliable increment in striatal dopamine release, increasing levels of circulating dopamine. Meditation may not provide a lasting effect on receptors per se, but information technology gets an honorable mention hither because it may offer at to the lowest degree a temporary relief for symptoms of low dopamine levels like anhedonia, lack of motivation, low energy, etc ​57–61​ . Clearly more enquiry is needed in this area, as practicing meditation has grown in popularity in recent years. The same furnishings also seem to apply to yoga ​62​ .

Exercise

Clinical evidence abounds for the myriad of health benefits from exercise. Like to meditation, exercise seems to attune the dopaminergic arrangement and increase levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, but may non specifically upregulate the receptors thereof ​63​ . These effects seem to be especially pronounced in cases of drug withdrawal and habit recovery, which is direct related to the topics discussed here. As such, practice should still take appreciable ameliorative effects for those suffering from low dopamine levels, as well as in cases of Parkinson's disease, of which a primary characteristic is the loss of dopamine-producing cells ​64–lxx​ .

Sunlight

Similarly, sunshine exposure seems to increase dopamine synthesis, providing ameliorative therapeutic benefits for those who suffer from seasonal melancholia disorder (SAD) and depression. Sunshine exposure appears to attune and heighten the dopaminergic system as a whole and was shown to increase striatal D2 and D3 dopamine receptor availability ​71–73​ . These furnishings may exist secondary to blue light regulating circadian rhythms, but it also appears that neurotransmitters themselves also follow a cyclic rhythm contained of calorie-free in the nucleus accumbens, a principal region of the reward circuit ​74​ . Information technology's unclear if bogus blueish low-cal devices exert these same effects on the dopaminergic arrangement, though they do seem to take positive effects on the serotonergic system ​75​ .

Bonus Tips – Alleviating Symptoms, Curbing Cravings, and Feeling Better

Again, forbearance from the dopamine-spiking behavior is the most important part of the healing procedure. In the beginning stages of that abstinence, symptoms of depression dopamine availability will be their strongest – depressed mood, anhedonia, apathy, etc. Many refer to this as a "flatline" period. While information technology may seem counterintuitive, I would argue it may exist prudent to mildly boost dopamine during this time period.

People experiencing the symptoms of an impaired dopaminergic arrangement – and a debilitated encephalon as a whole – are more likely to return to the addictive beliefs. Essentially, if y'all feel good, you lot're more than likely to stay the grade in your abstinence. Recent research from Blum et al seems to hold, suggesting that at least temporary alleviation of symptoms should amend quality of life and decrease the likelihood of relapse. In their words: "we debate that a more prudent paradigm shift should be biphasic—short-term blockade and long-term upregulation, enhancing functional connectivity of brain reward circuits." ​76​ Retrieve that Blum et al originally discovered the genetic connection to decreased dopamine receptors in the early 1990's and coined the term "Reward Deficiency Syndrome" (RDS).

So how do nosotros do that? By laying foundational support for the dopaminergic organization and the neuroplasticity-inducing processes that are slowly repairing the pathways of the addicted encephalon during abstinence, and past doing what we can to avoid cravings.

Fish Oil

Remember the aforementioned "Mr. Happy Stack" – DHA/EPA (fish oil or an equivalent), uridine, and choline – has evidence of promoting neurogenesis and synaptogenesis – the formation of new neurons and new synapses betwixt neurons ​77​ . Fish oil – specifically EPA – also seems to accept a myriad other health benefits ​78–85​ . Vegetarians and vegans may adopt algae-derived DHA and EPA; just know I have no experience with that variation, and the inquiry has used fish oil.

Tyrosine

L-Tyrosine is the amino acrid precursor for the neurotransmitters dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. Think of information technology as the raw material used to "industry" dopamine. Substantially, no tyrosine stores = no dopamine. L-Tyrosine converts to Fifty-DOPA via the enzyme tyrosine-hydroxylase. Recollect that Cordyceps mushroom enhances the expression of that enzyme. People who supplement with L-Tyrosine report meliorate focus and energy levels.

If y'all're eating a high-poly peptide nutrition, you may have enough already, as tyrosine is found in high concentrations in meat, bananas, dairy, eggs, nuts, and seeds. But this makes it arguably more of import for vegetarians and vegans to supplement.

NAC (N-Acetyl-Cysteine)

NAC is simply the prodrug of L-Cysteine, an amino acrid. NAC is a potent antioxidant, and is responsible for increasing glutathione in the body.

NAC may be the most important tool in the armory here in terms of reducing cravings. It has tons of clinical testify demonstrating its efficacy in decreasing cravings, compulsivity, and addictive beliefs related to trichotillomania (pilus pulling), excoriation (skin picking), smoking, gambling, cocaine, marijuana, and more, via modulating glutamate ​86–100​ . Mechanistically, it's believed that NAC may actually alter "drug-induced plasticity that underlies drug-seeking behavior." ​101​

Information technology besides happens to have the added benefits of beingness hepatoprotective (attenuates damage to the liver) ​102​ . Anecdotal evidence abounds of people seeing success with NAC for curbing cravings of many kinds.

The clinically constructive dosage seems to exist 1200-2400mg daily.

Agmatine

Like to NAC, Agmatine, a natural byproduct of the amino acid arginine, has shown hope in reducing addictive consumption of alcohol, nicotine, methamphetamine, and opioids, via its modulation of imidazoline receptors ​103–112​ . Agmatine as well seems to possess antineurodegenerative and antidepressant backdrop ​113–117​ .

A Notation on Mucuna Pruriens (L-DOPA)

Many people wanting to "boost dopamine" just turn to its directly precursor, 50-DOPA, via an extract called Mucuna pruriens, too known equally velvet edible bean. Supplements are normally standardized for their L-DOPA content. Mucuna pruriens does seem to reliably increment dopamine, just at that place's the problem. It'southward bypassing the rate-limiting step (tyrosine > Fifty-DOPA via tyrosine hydroxylase) and straight increasing dopamine, thereby downregulating dopamine receptors and depleting serotonin in the process over the long term ​118–122​ , which are the precise problems we're trying to fix. L-DOPA from Mucuna pruriens volition virtually certainly exert feel-proficient effects temporarily, but you'd be doing yourself a disservice.

Arguably more importantly, L-DOPA and Mucuna pruriens have been linked to mania, dyskinesia, psychosis, homicidal thoughts, and a range of other nasty side effects ​123–125​ . Avert it. It's not the harmless "dopamine bean" as which it'due south marketed.

Exercise, Meditation, Sunlight

Once more, while practice, meditation, and sunlight may not specifically upregulate dopamine receptors, they do seem to reliably heave dopamine levels, alleviate symptoms of depression, and lower cortisol, among other health benefits. A whole-food-based nutrition would besides pair well with these efforts.

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